Writing Graph Generators

All graphs in the A* Pathfinding Project are written as add-ons to the system, this makes it (relatively) easy to add your own specialized graph types.

In this tutorial I will show you how to set up a basic Graph Generator which you can use with the system.
The complete script can be found here PolarGraphGenerator.cs

A Basic Graph

The simplest graph possible looks like this:

using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using Pathfinding;
using Pathfinding.Serialization;
using Pathfinding.Util;

// Inherit our new graph from the base graph type
[JsonOptIn]
public class SimpleGraph : NavGraph {
    protected override IEnumerable<Progress> ScanInternal () {
        // Here we will place our code for scanning the graph
        yield break;
    }

    public override void GetNodes (System.Action<GraphNode> action) {
        // This method should call the delegate with all nodes in the graph
    }
}

This graph will not generate any nodes, but it should show up greyed out in the Add New Graph list
So let's start creating some scanning logic!

Scanning

First, create a new script containing the code above, but rename it to PolarGraph and save it as PolarGraph.cs.

The ScanInternal method is called when the graph should be scanned. A Scan method should create a number of nodes and create connections between them. We will create a Polar Graph, i.e sort of like a grid, but laid out as a circle with rings instead of rows. I will use "circles" to denote the number of concentric rings in the graph and "steps" as the number of nodes in each circle. Note that in the image below, what you are seeing are the connections between the nodes. The nodes themselves are placed at the intersections between those line segments.

The first step is to create a tempoary array for holding the nodes and add some variables for configuring the graph. We will use the PointNode node type which is used by the PointGraph since it contains essentially the same things that we want to use.

public int circles = 10;
public int steps = 20;

public Vector3 center = Vector3.zero;
public float scale = 2;

// Here we will store all nodes in the graph
PointNode[] nodes;

GraphTransform transform;

// Create a single node at the specified position
PointNode CreateNode (Vector3 position) {
    var node = new PointNode(active);
    // Node positions are stored as Int3. We can convert a Vector3 to an Int3 like this
    node.position = (Int3)position;
    return node;
}

public override IEnumerable<Progress> ScanInternal () {
    // Create a 2D array which will contain all nodes
    // This is just a tempoary array to make it easier to reference different nodes
    PointNode[][] circleNodes = new PointNode[circles][];
    yield break;
}

Editor

The graph does not yet show up in the Add New Graph list because that requires a graph editor which we will create now. Create a new script in either AstarPathfindingProject/Editor/GraphEditors/ (or if you have enabled Js support AstarPathfindingEditor/Editor/GraphEditors/) or in any other Editor folder.
Name the script PolarGeneratorEditor.cs

Below is a very simple editor for the polar graph. Copy this code into the file you just crated. After you have done this you should be able to create the graph.

using UnityEditor;
using Pathfinding;

[CustomGraphEditor(typeof(PolarGraph), "Polar Graph")]
public class PolarGeneratorEditor : GraphEditor {
    // Here goes the GUI
    public override void OnInspectorGUI (NavGraph target) {
        var graph = target as PolarGraph;

        graph.circles = EditorGUILayout.IntField("Circles", graph.circles);
        graph.steps = EditorGUILayout.IntField("Steps", graph.steps);
        graph.scale = EditorGUILayout.FloatField("Scale", graph.scale);
        graph.center = EditorGUILayout.Vector3Field("Center", graph.center);
    }
}

The CustomGraphInspector attribute tells the system that this class is a custom editor for the graph of type PolarGraph, the display-name in the graphs list will be "Polar Graph".
Try it out! Open the Graphs tab in the AstarPath inspector, click Add Graph, and add the Polar Graph which should be in the list now.

Adding nodes

Now we need to get to work with actually creating a graph. Every code fragment below this point should go into the Scan function.
We will use a matrix for placement to enable rotation, positioning and so on of the nodes.
The first node in the array should be the center node which we will place at Vector3.zero. Node positions are stored as Int3s. They are like Vector3s but use integer coordinates instead of floating point coordinates. There is an explicit cast available between Vector3 and Int3.

        // Create a 2D array which will contain all nodes
        // This is just a tempoary array to make it easier to reference different nodes
        PointNode[][] circleNodes = new PointNode[circles][];

        // Create a matrix which just moves the nodes to #center
        // and scales their positions by #scale
        // The GraphTransform class has various utility methods for working with it
        transform = new GraphTransform(Matrix4x4.TRS(center, Quaternion.identity, Vector3.one*scale));

        // Place the center node in the center
        circleNodes[0] = new PointNode[] {
            CreateNode(CalculateNodePosition(0, 0, transform))
        };

Next. Assume we have a node at a given angle and in a given circle. We need to calculate the position for that node.

    static Vector3 CalculateNodePosition (int circle, float angle, GraphTransform transform) {
        // Get the direction towards the node from the center
        var pos = new Vector3(Mathf.Sin(angle), 0, Mathf.Cos(angle));

        // Multiply it with the circle number to get the node position in graph space
        pos *= circle;

        // Multiply it with the matrix to get the node position in world space
        pos = transform.Transform(pos);
        return pos;
    }

Now we will set up the rest of the graph, circle for circle, node for node

        // The size of the angle (in radians) each step will use
        float anglesPerStep = (2*Mathf.PI)/steps;

        for (int circle = 1; circle < circles; circle++) {
            circleNodes[circle] = new PointNode[steps];
            for (int step = 0; step < steps; step++) {
                // Get the angle to the node relative to the center
                float angle = step * anglesPerStep;

                Vector3 pos = CalculateNodePosition(circle, angle, transform);
                circleNodes[circle][step] = CreateNode(pos);
            }
        }

Now we have set up all the nodes to their correct positions, but they have no connections to other nodes, so let's add that:

        // Iterate through all circles
        // circle 0 is just the center node so we skip that for now
        for (int circle = 1; circle < circles; circle++) {
            for (int step = 0; step < steps; step++) {
                // Get the current node
                PointNode node = circleNodes[circle][step];

                // The nodes here will always have exactly four connections, like a grid, but polar.
                // Except for those in the last circle which will only have three connections
                int numConnections = circle < circles-1 ? 4 : 3;
                var connections = new Connection[numConnections];

                // Get the next clockwise node in the current circle.
                // The last node in each circle should be linked to the first node
                // in the circle which is why we use the modulo operator.
                connections[0].node = circleNodes[circle][(step+1) % steps];

                // Counter clockwise node. Here we check for underflow instead
                connections[1].node = circleNodes[circle][(step-1+steps) % steps];

                // The node in the previous circle (in towards the center)
                if (circle > 1) {
                    connections[2].node = circleNodes[circle-1][step];
                } else {
                    // Create a connection to the middle node, special case
                    connections[2].node = circleNodes[circle-1][0];
                }

                // Are there any more circles outside this one?
                if (numConnections == 4) {
                    // The node in the next circle (out from the center)
                    connections[3].node = circleNodes[circle+1][step];
                }

                for (int q = 0; q < connections.Length; q++) {
                    // Node.position is an Int3, here we get the cost of moving between the two positions
                    connections[q].cost = (uint)(node.position-connections[q].node.position).costMagnitude;
                }

                node.connections = connections;
            }
        }

The first node (the center) is a special case, it will have connections to all nodes in the first circle (or second depending on how you look at it).
This means that it will have steps connections, because steps is the number of nodes in each circle.

        // The center node is a special case, so we have to deal with it separately
        PointNode centerNode = circleNodes[0][0];
        centerNode.connections = new Connection[steps];

        // Assign all nodes in the first circle as connections to the center node
        for (int step = 0; step < steps; step++) {
            centerNode.connections[step] = new Connection(
                circleNodes[1][step],
                // centerNode.position is an Int3, here we get the cost of moving between the two positions
                (uint)(centerNode.position-circleNodes[1][step].position).costMagnitude
                );
        }

Now the only thing left to do, is to make the nodes walkable, the default value is unwalkable. This tutorial will not cover the checking for obstacles or similar, but if you read up on Unity's Physics class you should be able to get that working.

        // Store all nodes in the nodes array
        List<PointNode> allNodes = new List<PointNode>();
        for (int i = 0; i < circleNodes.Length; i++) {
            allNodes.AddRange(circleNodes[i]);
        }
        nodes = allNodes.ToArray();

        // Set all the nodes to be walkable
        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.Length; i++) {
            nodes[i].Walkable = true;
        }

If you have placed all the previous snippets after each other in the Scan function like I wrote before, you will have a working scan function.

Finally to be able to scan the graph the GetNodes method needs to be implemented. Since all our nodes are just stored in an array, it is very simple.

    public override void GetNodes (System.Action<GraphNode> action) {
        if (nodes == null) return;

        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.Length; i++) {
            // Call the delegate
            action(nodes[i]);
        }
    }

You should be able to create the graph, edit the parameters and if you click Scan the graph will appear in the Scene View.
Cool huh?

However, you might notice that if you deselect the inspector and then select it again, your settings have not been saved.
This is because we need to add one last thing, serialization.
All graph settings are serialized to JSON (see http://www.json.org/). For the fields to get serialized, we must add an attribute to each field. The JsonMember attribute will tell the serializer that we want to serialize that field.

The complete script can be found here PolarGraphGenerator.cs

More Stuff

More methods can be overridden to customize other functionality. Especially the GetNearest and GetNearestForce methods. Which control how the nearest node to a point is found. There is a default implementation but it will search through all nodes in the graph every time which can be a bit slow if your graph contains a lot of nodes. You can also override the OnDrawGizmos method if you want to draw the graph differently than the default implementation.

If you need to serialize more information, you can override the SerializeExtraInfo, DeserializeExtraInfo and if you need to set up nodes after they have been loaded, you can override the PostDeserialization function.

Explaining all functions is beyond the scope of this tutorial, you can have a look at how other graph types have implemented them.

The End

You should now be able to use this graph like any other graph!
I hope this tutorial has helped you get started writing graph generators.